Мир закона

МРНТИ 10.77.51

УДК 343.3/.7

Baiseitova Aliya Temirhanovna — head of the faculty of postgraduate education of the Almaty academy of the Ministry of internal affairs of the Republic of Kazakhstan named after M. Esbulatov, doctor of law, associate professor (docent), police colonel (Republic of Kazakhstan, Almaty);

Dayetova Aida Asylbekovna — 1st-year PhD doctoral student of specialty “8D12301-Law enforcement activities” of Almaty academy of the Ministry of internal affairs of the Republic of Kazakhstan named after M. Esbulatov, police lieutenant colonel (Republic of Kazakhstan, Almaty)

SOME ISSUES RELATED TO VIOLATION OF SAFETY RULES OR OPERATION OF AIR TRANSPORT OF THE REPUBLIC OF KAZAKHSTAN

Annotation. The authors of the article emphasize the undoubted relevance, theoretical and practical significance of the study of issues related to violations of the rules of safety and operation of air transport in the Republic of Kazakhstan, due to the ongoing legal reform in the country and the objective need for a scientifically based analysis of issues of countering offenses in aviation transport. Kazakhstan, having a strategic location and an important role in international aviation, is actively developing in this direction, paying special attention to domestic transportation, including tourist destinations. The article analyzes the current state of international and national normative legal acts, including the Convention on international civil aviation of 1944 and the Criminal Code of the Republic of Kazakhstan regulating offenses in the field of aviation. Special attention is paid to the problems associated with the investigation of aviation accidents, as well as the difficulties arising in the qualification of violations and the involvement of highly qualified specialists for the investigation. The article also highlights statistical data on the frequency of aviation accidents, their consequences, as well as the main violations affecting flight safety. The study highlights the need for an integrated approach to ensuring the safety of air transport in Kazakhstan and improving legal mechanisms aimed at preventing aviation offenses.

Keywords: violation of flight rules, aviation safety, flight safety, air transport, aviation accidents, aircraft operation, international aviation conventions, accident investigation, human factor, safety control, aviation accidents, International civil aviation organization (ICAO).

Байсеитова Әлия Темірханқызы — Қазақстан Республикасы ІІМ М.Есболатов атындағы Алматы академиясының жоғары оқу орнынан кейінгі білім беру факультетінің бастығы, заң ғылымдарының докторы, қауымдастырылған профессор (доцент), полиция полковнигі (Қазақстан Республикасы, Алматы қ.);

Даетова Аида Асылбекқызы — Қазақстан Республикасы ІІМ М.Есболатов атындағы Алматы академиясының «8D12301-Құқық қорғау қызметі» маман­дығы бойынша 1-курс докторанты (PhD), полиция подполковнигі (Қазақстан Рес­публикасы, Алматы қ.)

ҚАЗАҚСТАН РЕСПУБЛИКАСЫНЫҢ ӘУЕ КӨЛІГІНІҢ ҚАУІПСІЗДІГІНЕ НЕМЕСЕ ПАЙДАЛАНУ ҚАҒИДАЛАРЫН БҰЗУҒА БАЙЛАНЫСТЫ КЕЙБІР МӘСЕЛЕЛЕР

Түйін. Мақалада авторлар елімізде жүргізіліп жатқан құқықтық реформаға және авиациялық көліктегі құқық бұзушылықтарға қарсы іс-қимыл мәселелерін ғылыми негізделген талдауға объективті қажеттілікке байланысты Қазақстан Республикасында әуе көлігінің қауіпсіздігі мен пайдалану ережелерін бұзумен бай­ланысты мәселелерді зерттеудің сөзсіз өзектілігін, теориялық және практи­ка­лық маңыздылығын атап көрсетеді. Қазақстан Халықаралық авиацияда страте­гиялық орналасуы мен маңызды рөліне ие, туристік бағыттарды қоса алғанда, ішкі тасымалдарға ерекше назар аудара отырып, осы бағытты белсенді дамытады. Ма­қалада 1944 жылғы Халықаралық Азаматтық авиация туралы конвенцияны және авиация саласындағы құқық бұзушылықтарды реттейтін Қазақстан Республика­сы­ның Қылмыстық кодексін қоса алғанда, халықаралық және ұлттық нормативтік-құқықтық актілердің қазіргі жағдайы талданады. Авиациялық оқиғаларды тергеуге байланысты проблемаларға, сондай-ақ бұзушылықтарды саралау және тергеу үшін жоғары білікті мамандарды тарту кезінде туындайтын қиындықтарға ерекше назар аударылады. Мақалада сондай-ақ авиациялық оқиғалардың жиілігі, олардың сал­дары, сондай-ақ ұшу қауіпсіздігіне әсер ететін негізгі бұзушылықтар туралы ста­тис­тикалық деректер қамтылады. Зерттеу Қазақстанда әуе көлігінің қауіпсіздігін қамтамасыз етуге және авиациялық құқық бұзушылықтардың алдын алуға бағыт­талған құқықтық тетіктерді жақсартуға кешенді көзқарас қажеттігін атап көр­се­теді.

Түйінді сөздер: ұшу ережелерін бұзу, авиациялық қауіпсіздік, ұшу қауіпсіздігі, әуе көлігі, авиациялық оқиғалар, әуе кемелерін пайдалану, халықаралық авиациялық конвенциялар, авиациялық оқиғаларды тергеу, адами фактор, қауіпсіздікті бақылау, авиациялық оқиғалар, Халықаралық азаматтық авиация ұйымы (ХААҰ).

Байсеитова Алия Темирхановна — начальник факультета послевузовского образования Алматинской академии МВД Республики Казахстан им. М. Есбулатова, доктор юридических наук, ассоциированный профессор (доцент), полковник полиции (Республика Казахстан, г. Алматы);

Даетова Аида Асылбековна — докторант (РhD) 1 курса специальности «8D12301-Правоохранительная деятельность» Алматинской академии МВД РК им. М. Есбулатова, подполковник полиции (Республика Казахстан, г. Алматы)

НЕКОТОРЫЕ ВОПРОСЫ, СВЯЗАННЫЕ С НАРУШЕНИЕМ ПРАВИЛ БЕЗОПАСНОСТИ ИЛИ ЭКСПЛУАТАЦИИ ВОЗДУШНОГО ТРАНСПОРТА РЕСПУБЛИКИ КАЗАХСТАН

Аннотация. Авторы в статье подчеркивают несомненную актуальность, тео­ре­тическую и практическую значимость исследования вопросов, связанных с на­рушениями правил безопасности и эксплуатации воздушного транспорта в Рес­пуб­лике Казахстан, что обусловлено проводимой в стране правовой реформой и объек­тивной потребностью в научно обоснованном анализе вопросов противодей­ствия правонарушениям на авиационном транспорте. Казахстан, обладая страте­ги­ческим расположением и важной ролью в международной авиации, активно разви­вается в данном направлении, уделяя особое внимание внутренним перевозкам, вклю­чая туристические направления. В статье анализируется современное состоя­ние международных и национальных нормативно-правовых актов, включая Кон­вен­цию о международной гражданской авиации 1944 года и Уголовный кодекс Рес­публики Казахстан, регулирующие правонарушения в области авиации. От­дель­ное внимание уделяется проблемам, связанным с расследованием авиацион­ных происшествий, а также сложностям, возникающим при квалификации нару­ше­ний и привлечении высококвалифицированных специалистов для рассле­до­вания. В статье также освещаются статистические данные о частоте авиационных происшествий, их последствиях, а также основных нарушениях, влияющих на без­опасность полетов. Исследование подчеркивает необходимость комплексного под­хода к обеспечению безопасности воздушного транспорта в Казахстане и улуч­шению правовых механизмов, направленных на предотвращение авиационных пра­вонарушений.

Ключевые слова: нарушение правил полетов, авиационная безопасность, безопасность полетов, воздушный транспорт, авиационные происшествия, экс­плуатация воздушных судов, международные авиационные конвенции, расследо­ва­ние авиационных происшествий, человеческий фактор, контроль за безопас­ностью, авиационные происшествия, Международная организация гражданской авиации (МОГА).

 

Introduction. The aviation industry of the Republic of Kazakhstan plays a key role in the development of the national economy, enhancing international integration, improving the country’s transport accessibility, and boosting tourism. Kazakhstan, with its vast territory and strategic location between Europe and Asia, recognizes the importance of developing its aviation infrastructure.

In address to the people of Kazakhstan, President Kassym-Jomart Tokayev highlighted the importance of developing air hubs, creating conditions for expanding cargo air transportation, and focusing on developing domestic air routes, particularly in tourist areas, by involving small aircrafts. The President also emphasized: “Law and order must prevail in our society. This is a basic condition for ensuring both public and individual safety. Only in this way will we create a Just, Clean, and Safe Kazakhstan. To achieve this strategic goal, we must create favorable external conditions for the peaceful and sustainable development of the country.”[1].

The relevance of the research topic stems from the fact that, in the current context of aviation industry development, violations in air transport continue to occur and remain one of the most serious problems threatening aviation safety.

Main part. Nature and Scope of the Study Aircraft accidents are rare events, but they cost a lot of money. In addition to the financial costs, aviation accidents may also demand an enormous social toll. These costs are less tangible. The grief arising from the loss of relatives and friends and the costs to society resulting from the loss of skilled and valued workers are not readily quantifiable (FSF, 2002)[2].

Law enforcement agencies work within the framework of current legislation and take appropriate measures to combat violations in air transport. Kazakhstan became integrated into the global air transport system by joining the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) in 1992. On July 2, 1992, the Supreme Council of Kazakhstan ratified the Convention on International Civil Aviation, adopted in Chicago, USA, in 1944[3], which provided the standards and recommended practices of ICAO.

In addition, the Republic of Kazakhstan has acceded to international conventions that establish the following concepts of illegal acts in air transport:

1. Convention on Offences and Certain Other Acts Committed on Board Aircraft (Tokyo, 14 September 1963, “Tokyo Convention 1963”)[4], art. 1:

• Offenses and any acts, whether criminal or not, that may threaten or endanger the safety of the aircraft or the persons or property on board, or acts that jeopardize order and discipline on board;

2. Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Seizure of Aircraft (The Hague, 16 December 1970, “The Hague Convention 1970”)[5], Art. 1:

• Unlawful seizure of aircraft;

3. Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts against the Safety of Civil Aviation (Montreal, 23 September 1971) (“Montreal Convention 1971”)[6], Art. I:

• Acts of violence against persons on board in-flight aircraft;
• Destruction of an aircraft in service or causing damage to that aircraft which renders it inoperable or which may endanger its safety in flight;
• Placement of or commitment of an action that leads to placement on an aircraft in service, by any means whatsoever, of a device or substance which is likely to destroy such aircraft or to cause damage to it which renders it inoperative or to cause damage to it which is likely to endanger its safety in flight;
• Destruction of or damage to air navigation equipment or interference with its operation if any such act is likely to endanger the safety of aircraft in flight;
• Knowingly providing false information that endangers flight safety;

4. Protocol for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts of Violence at Airports Serving International Civil Aviation (Montreal, 24 February 1988, “Montreal Protocol 1988”)[7], Art. II:

• Acts of violence against individuals at airports serving international civil aviation, that causes or can potentially cause serious harm or death;
• Destruction or serious damage to equipment and structures of an airport serving international civil aviation, or to aircrafts located at the airport that are not in operation, or disruption of airport services.

In the Criminal Code of the Republic of Kazakhstan, offenses related to air transport are defined in Chapter 14, “Transport Criminal Offenses”[8]. These regulations are blanket in nature, referring to laws and regulations from other areas of law. The primary legal act is the Law of the Republic of Kazakhstan “On the Use of the Airspace of the Republic of Kazakhstan and Aviation Activities”[9].

Procedures for investigating aviation accidents and incidents are regulated by the Rules for Reporting and Investigating Aviation Accidents and Incidents in Civil and Experimental Aviation[10]. Nonetheless, there are certain challenges in disclosing and investigating such criminal cases:

• For example, during the investigation of criminal violations of safety regulations in railway, air, sea, or river transport (Article 344 of the Criminal Code of Kazakhstan), the usage of standard professional experience by investigators is insufficient to select the optimal investigation methodology, apply individual skills and proven investigative tactics because this category of cases involves specific and multifaceted circumstances across various fields[11] (meteorology, medicine, airport operations, navigation services, aviation psychology, airline operations, ground services, and more);
• investigators typically lack the necessary knowledge in aircraft operation and maintenance, to obtain which they require assistance from specialists such as pilots, air traffic controllers, navigators, engineers, and aviation doctors who possess such knowledge[12]. There are serious challenges in selecting highly qualified and independent specialists to involve them in the inspection of the crime scene and other investigative actions, as well as in the expert examinations;
• at the initial stage of the investigation, it is often difficult to give the correct legal qualification to the event that occurred. It may contain elements of various crimes: violation of rules of traffic safety or operation of rail, air, sea or river transport (Article 344 of the Criminal Code of the Republic of Kazakhstan), a terrorist act (Article 255 of the Criminal Code of the Republic of Kazakhstan), sabotage (Article 184 of the Criminal Code of the Republic of Kazakhstan), intentional destruction or damage to property (Article 202 of the Criminal Code of the Republic of Kazakhstan). At the same time, there may be no obvious data indicating the specific illegality of the event under investigation¹¹;
• as for aviation violations, at this moment, the aviation accident investigation agencies do not have any specialized departments where they can conduct an objective and complete study of aircraft parts and components, substances and materials, fuel, etc. Therefore, they are objectively examined at enterprises in Kazakhstan whose main activity is not related to the investigation of aviation accidents, or they are sent for examination to specialized institutions outside the Republic of Kazakhstan[13].

According to an Analysis of the State of Civil Aviation Flight Safety in Kazakhstan by “Aviation Administration of Kazakhstan” JSC, the number of aviation accidents were: in 2017 — 8 accidents (11 fatalities), in 2018 — 6 accidents,in 2019 — 4 accidents (18 fatalities), in 2020 — 2 accidents, in 2021 — 7 accidents, in 2022 — 2 accidents, in 2023 — 3 accidents (6 fatalities)[14].

The most frequent violations in air transport are:flight pattern deviations — 41.5 %, flight and crew requirements — 18 %, piloting technique — 32.8 %, air traffic control rules — 3.7 %, airport safety regulations — 4 %.Violation of rules of traffic safety or transport operation, poor-quality repair of vehicles, tracks, signaling and communication equipment may be considered a crime if they result in the following consequences: accidents with people, crashes, accidents or other serious consequences[15].

According to A. Sh. Gabdrakhmanov: “the current situation, in addition to socio-economic causes, is explained by the lack of a comprehensive scientific approach to solving the problem of ensuring traffic safety, insufficient scientific development of modern legal means of combating accidents in transport, and serious omissions in the organization of the work of law enforcement agencies to prevent it”[16].

Conclusion. The circumstances presented highlight the undoubted relevance, theoretical and practical significance of the development of this topic, due to the judicial and legal reform being carried out in the Republic of Kazakhstan and the objective demand for scientifically based analysis of issues of combating offenses in aviation transport.

References

1. Tokayev Kassym-Jomart. A Just Kazakhstan: Law and Order, Economic Growth, Social Optimism: Address to the People of Kazakhstan // https://www.akorda.kz/ru/poslanie-glavy-gosudarstva-kasym-zhomarta-tokaeva-narodu-kazahstana-spravedlivyy-kazahstan-zakon-i-poryadok-ekonomicheskiy-rost-obshchestvennyy-optimizm-285014.2024 (accessed 07.09.2024).
2. Flavio Mendonca. Criminalization of Aircraft Accidents // [PDF] Criminalization of Aircraft Accidents (researchgate.net). June 2009 (accessed 07.09.2024).
3. Convention on International Civil Aviation, adopted in Chicago, USA, 07.12.1944 // https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/ (accessed 08.09.2024).
4. Tokyo Convention on Offenses and Certain Other Acts Committed on Board Aircraft (Tokyo, 14.09.1963) // https://www.un.org/ru/documents/decl_conv/ conventions (accessed 09.09.2024).
5. Hague Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Seizure of Aircraft (Hague, 16.12.1970) // https://www.un.org/ru/documents/decl_conv/ (accessed 10.09.2024).
6. Montreal Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts Against the Safety of Civil Aviation (Montreal, 23.09.1971) // https://www.un.org/ru/documents/decl_conv/ (accessed 11.09.2024).
7. Montreal Protocol for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts of Violence at Airports Serving International Civil Aviation (Montreal, 24.02.1988) // https://www.un.org/ru/documents/decl_conv/conventions/airports.shtml (accessed 11.09.2024).
8. Criminal Code of the Republic of Kazakhstan dated 03.07.2014 – No. 226-V (amended on 09.09.2024) // https://online.zakon.kz/eng/docs/K970000167_ (accessed 12.09.2024).
9. Law of the Republic of Kazakhstan dated 15.07.2010 – No. 339-IV «On the Use of the Airspace of the Republic of Kazakhstan and Aviation Activities» (as amended on 17.07.2024) // Internet resource: https://online.zakon.kz/eng/docs (accessed 13.09.2024).
10. Order of the Minister of Investment and Development of the Republic of Kazakhstan dated 27.07.2017 – No. 505. «On the Approval of the Rules for Reporting and Investigating Aviation Incidents and Accidents in Civil and Experimental Aviation» (as amended on 15.05.2023) // https://online.zakon.kz/eng/docs (accessed 13.09.2024).
11. Shiryayeva I. A. Osobennosti rassledovaniya prestupleniy, sovershayemykh na aviatsionnom transporte // Forum molodykh uchenykh. — 2020. — № 11(51). — S. 347-351 // http://forum-nauka.ru (accessed 13.09.2024).
12. Mitrofanova A. A. O kriminalisticheskoy traktovke ponyatiya «aviatsionnogo proisshestviya» // Rossiyskiy sledovatel’. — 2017. — № 5. — P. 16-19.
13. Kirikbayev S. K. Primeneniye spetsial’nykh znaniy ekspertov TSSE MYU RK pri rassledovanii aviatsionnykh proisshestviy // www.zakon.kz (date of access 09/14/2024).
14. «Analysis of the State of Safety of Civil Aviation Aircraft Flights in the Republic of Kazakhstan for 2023» // analiz-sostoianiia-bezopasnosti-poletov-za-2023-god-2.pdf (caa.gov.kz) (accessed 14.09.2024).
15. Chuchayev A. V. Transportnyye prestupleniya: problemy mekhanizma, kvalifikatsii i nakazaniya: Dis. … kand. yurid. nauk. — M., 1990. C. 340.
16. Gabdrakhmanov A. SH. Prestupleniya protiv bezopasnosti dvizheniya i ekspluatatsii transporta (ugolovno-pravovyye i kriminologicheskiye aspekty): Dis. … kand. yurid. nauk. — Kazan’, 2007. S. 190.

Список литературы

1. Tokayev Kassym-Jomart. A Just Kazakhstan: Law and Order, Economic Growth, Social Optimism: Address to the People of Kazakhstan // https://www.akorda.kz/ru/poslanie-glavy-gosudarstva-kasym-zhomarta-tokaeva-narodu-kazahstana-spravedlivyy-kazahstan-zakon-i-poryadok-ekonomicheskiy-rost-obshchestvennyy-optimizm-285014.2024 (accessed 07.09.2024).
2. Flavio Mendonca. Criminalization of Aircraft Accidents // [PDF] Criminalization of Aircraft Accidents (researchgate.net). June 2009 (accessed 07.09.2024).
3. Convention on International Civil Aviation, adopted in Chicago, USA, 07.12.1944 // https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/ (accessed 08.09.2024).
4. Tokyo Convention on Offenses and Certain Other Acts Committed on Board Aircraft (Tokyo, 14.09.1963) // https://www.un.org/ru/documents/decl_conv/ conventions (accessed 09.09.2024).
5. Hague Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Seizure of Aircraft (Hague, 16.12.1970) // https://www.un.org/ru/documents/decl_conv/ (accessed 10.09.2024).
6. Montreal Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts Against the Safety of Civil Aviation (Montreal, 23.09.1971) // https://www.un.org/ru/documents/decl_conv/ (accessed 11.09.2024).
7. Montreal Protocol for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts of Violence at Airports Serving International Civil Aviation (Montreal, 24.02.1988) // https://www.un.org/ru/ documents/decl_conv/conventions/airports.shtml (accessed 11.09.2024).
8. Criminal Code of the Republic of Kazakhstan dated 03.07.2014 – No. 226-V (amended on 09.09.2024) // https://online.zakon.kz/eng/docs/K970000167_ (accessed 12.09.2024).
9. 9. Law of the Republic of Kazakhstan dated 15.07.2010 – No. 339-IV «On the Use of the Airspace of the Republic of Kazakhstan and Aviation Activities» (as amended on 17.07.2024) // Internet resource: https://online.zakon.kz/eng/docs (accessed 13.09.2024).
10. Order of the Minister of Investment and Development of the Republic of Kazakhstan dated 27.07.2017 – No. 505. «On the Approval of the Rules for Reporting and Investigating Aviation Incidents and Accidents in Civil and Experimental Aviation» (as amended on 15.05.2023) // https://online.zakon.kz/eng/docs (accessed 13.09.2024).
11. Ширяева И. А. Особенности расследования преступлений, совершаемых на авиационном транспорте // Форум молодых ученых. — 2020. — № 11(51). — С. 347-351 // http://forum-nauka.ru (accessed 13.09.2024).
12. Митрофанова А. А. О криминалистической трактовке понятия «авиацион­ного происшествия» // Российский следователь. — 2017. — № 5. — P. 16-19.
13. Кирикбаев С. К. Применение специальных знаний экспертов ЦСЭ МЮ РК при расследовании авиационных происшествий // www.zakon.kz (date of access 09/14/2024).
14. «Analysis of the State of Safety of Civil Aviation Aircraft Flights in the Republic of Kazakhstan for 2023» // analiz-sostoianiia-bezopasnosti-poletov-za-2023-god-2.pdf (caa.gov.kz) (accessed 14.09.2024).
15. Чучаев А. В. Транспортные преступления: проблемы механизма, квали­фи­кации и наказания: Дис. … канд. юрид. наук. — M., 1990. C.340.
16. Габдрахманов А. Ш. Преступления против безопасности движения и экс­плуатации транспорта (уголовно-правовые и криминологические аспекты): Дис. … канд. юрид. наук. — Казань, 2007. С. 190.